This literature review evaluates the application of Dacron (polyethylene terephthalate) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) in synthetic vascular prostheses. Biocompatibility, crucial to the success of implants, is explored, considering the mechanisms of thrombogenesis and strategies to improve cell adhesion. The study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each material, including chemical resistance and bistability. In addition, clinical challenges such as infection and occlusion are addressed, as well as future prospects for the development of more efficient biomaterials, with a focus on tissue engineering and surface biofunctionalization. The results of this review contribute to a better understanding of the properties and limitations of the biomaterials used in vascular prostheses, helping in the selection of the most suitable material for each clinical application.